گنجینه مکتوب

Was There a Zaydī usūl al-fıqh? Searching for the Essence of Zaydī Legal Theory in the School’s First Complete Usūl Work: al-Natiq bi-l-Haqq’s (340-424/951-1033) “al-Mujzī fī usūl al-fıqh”

Author/s: Ahmet Temel

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.12658/human.society.6.11.M0142

Year: 2016 Vol: 6 Number: 1

Abstract

This paper examines a recently discovered and published text, al-Mujzī fī uşūl al-fiqh, which the Zaydīs have commonly labeled as their school’s first written work on uşūl al-fiqh. Written by al-Natiq bi-l-Haqq, who reportedly had close relationships with Mu‘tazīlī scholars, this book is important for tracing the essence of Zaydī legal theory and interrelation between the Zaydiyya and Mu‘tazila in the field of uşūl al-fiqh. I argue that this work represents and draws upon Mu‘tazīlī, as opposed to Zaydī, legal theory. A certain part of this text was published earlier with attribution to Abū al-Husayn al-Başrī as a section of his work Sharh al-‘umad. This attribution is also discussed within the paper. The paper consists of three main sec- tions: a brief biography of al-Natiq bi-l-Haqq and a list of his works, the attribution of the text and an outline of the structure and method in al-Mujzī, and an attempt to determine the text’s identity by examining the authoritative voices in it and its influence later Zaydī literature and by comparing certain cases to those existing in a Mu‘tazilī uşūl text (al-Mu‘tamad) and a Zaydī uşūl text (Safwat al-ikhtiyar).

Part I
Islamic Exegesis and Tradition: Formative and Classical Period
- “A Plaything for Kings”: ʿĀʾisha’s Ḥadīth, Ibn al-Zubayr, and Rebuilding the Kaʿba
Gerald Hawting
- Remnants of an Old Tafsīr Tradition? The Exegetical Accounts of ʿUrwa b. al-Zubayr
Andreas Görke
- Muqātil on Zayd and Zaynab: “The sunna of Allāh concerning those who passed away before” (Q 33:38)
Gordon Nickel
- Sabab/Asbāb al-Nuzūl as a Technical Term: Its Emergence and Application in the Islamic Sources
Roberto Tottoli
- Laylat al-Qadr as Sacred Time: Sacred Cosmology in Sunnī Kalām and Tafsīr
Arnold Yasin Mol
- Is there Covenant Theology in Islam?
Tariq Jaffer

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2 Qurʾānic Textual Archaeology. Rebuilding the Story of the Destruction of Sodom and Gomorra
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3 Manipulation of the Qurʾan in the Epistolary Exchange between al-Hāshimī and al-Kindī
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4 ʿAbd al-Masīḥ al-Kindī on the Qurʾan
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5 ʿAmmār al-Baṣrī: Ninth Century Christian Theology and Qurʾanic Presuppositions
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6 ‘They Find Him Written with them.’ The Impact of Q 7:157 on Muslim Interaction with Arab Christianity
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7 With the Qur’an in Mind
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8 Early Islamic Perspectives of the Apostle Paul as a Narrative Framework for Taḥrīf
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@Ganjinemaktoob

Emailing Legal authority in premodern Islam Yahya b. Sharaf al-nawawi in the Shafi’i school of law by Halim, Fachrizal A. Nawawī

کتابی درباره خبر واحد و شکلگیری فقه شیعی به زبان انگلیسی


Hassan Ansari & Amin Ehteshami, Seeking Certitude: Scriptural Authority in Early Shiʿi Jurisprudence.

اینجا هم توضیحی درباره کتاب. این کتاب در سال ۲۰۱۸ منتشر می شود

In this monograph, Hassan Ansari and Amin Ehteshami provide a synoptic examination of epistemological discussions concerning the authority of scriptural sources (akhbār) in Shiʿi jurisprudence during the third to sixth centuries AH. Seeking Certitude: Scriptural Authority in Early Shiʿi Jurisprudence provides the first book-length study of this under-examined topic of the Shiʿi intellectual tradition. Through close readings of primary texts, the authors trace and evaluate the views of the period’s most prominent thinkers such as Ibn Qiba, al-Kulaynī, Ibn Junayd, Ibn Bābawayh, al-Mufīd, al-Murtaḍā, al-Ṭūsī, Ibn Zuhra, and Ibn Idrīs. The subjects discussed include the developments of Shiʿi legal theory during the third/ninth to sixth/twelfth centuries; various ways of conceptualising what constitutes a ‘scriptural’ source; justifications offered for including the reports attributed to the Prophet and the Imams as the second most authoritative source of law after the Qurʾan; frameworks elaborated for evaluating the authenticity of scriptural sources; epistemological discussions regarding the reliability of historical reports in general and scriptural reports in particular; solutions proposed for resolving disagreeing and contradictory reports; and the legitimacy of using a scriptural report of uncertain origins as evidence for determining a legal ruling as binding. This book will be of interest to students and scholars in Islamic law and legal theory, theology, scriptural hermeneutics, medieval intellectual history, and Islamic studies.

این هم توضیحی درباره کتاب

Aron Zysow's 1984 PhD dissertation, "The Economy of Certainty," remains the most important, compelling, and intellectually ambitious treatment of Islamic legal theory (usul al-fiqh) in Western scholarship to date. It continues to be widely read and cited, and remains unsurpassed in its incisive analysis of the fundamental assumptions of Islamic legal thought. Zysow's important work is published here in full, for the first time, with updated references and some further reflections by the author. Zysow argues that the great dividing line in Islamic legal thought is between those legal theories that require certainty in every detail of the law and those that will admit probability. The latter were historically dominant and include the leading legal schools that have survived to our own day. Zahirism and, for much of its history, Twelver Shi'ism, are examples of the former. The well-known dispute regarding the legitimacy of juridical analogy is only one feature of this fundamental epistemological division, since probability can enter the law in the process of authenticating prophetic traditions and in the interpretation of the revealed texts, as well as through analogy. The notion of consensus in Islamic legal theory functioned to reintroduce some measure of certainty into the law by identifying one of the competing probable solutions as correct. Consequently, consensus has only a reduced role in those systems that reject probability. Another, more radical, means of regaining certainty was the doctrine that regarded the legal reasoning of all qualified jurists on matters of probability as infallible. The development of legal theories of both types was to a large extent shaped by theology and, most significantly, by Mu'tazilism, and subsequently by Ash'arism and Maturidism.

کتابی جدید به زبان انگلیسی درباره اصول فقه شیعی امامی (بحث اخبار و اجماع)

الآن بیش از یک سال و نیم است که با همکاری فاضل محترم آقای امین احتشامی کتابی می نویسیم به زبان انگلیسی در حدود بیش از ۳۰۰ صفحه درباره خبر واحد و اجماع و جایگاه احادیث و مسئله ظن در فقه متقدم شیعی که امیدمان این است به لطف الهی سال ۲۰۱۸ نیمه های آن منتشر شود. اینجا درباره آن توضیحی آمده که جهت ارائه به ناشری دانشگاهی قلمی شد

Hassan Ansari & Amin Ehteshami, Seeking Certitude: Scriptural Authority in Early Shiʿi Jurisprudence.


In this monograph, Hassan Ansari and Amin Ehteshami provide a synoptic examination of epistemological discussions concerning the authority of scriptural sources (akhbār) in Shiʿi jurisprudence during the third to sixth centuries AH. Seeking Certitude: Scriptural Authority in Early Shiʿi Jurisprudence provides the first book-length study of this under-examined topic of the Shiʿi intellectual tradition. Through close readings of primary texts, the authors trace and evaluate the views of the period’s most prominent thinkers such as Ibn Qiba, al-Kulaynī, Ibn Junayd, Ibn Bābawayh, al-Mufīd, al-Murtaḍā, al-Ṭūsī, Ibn Zuhra, and Ibn Idrīs. The subjects discussed include the developments of Shiʿi legal theory during the third/ninth to sixth/twelfth centuries; various ways of conceptualising what constitutes a ‘scriptural’ source; justifications offered for including the reports attributed to the Prophet and the Imams as the second most authoritative source of law after the Qurʾan; frameworks elaborated for evaluating the authenticity of scriptural sources; epistemological discussions regarding the reliability of historical reports in general and scriptural reports in particular; solutions proposed for resolving disagreeing and contradictory reports; and the legitimacy of using a scriptural report of uncertain origins as evidence for determining a legal ruling as binding. This book will be of interest to students and scholars in Islamic law and legal theory, theology, scriptural hermeneutics, medieval intellectual history, and Islamic studies.

کتاب خبر واحد تألیف مشترک من و آقای امین احتشامی تا نیمه سال ۲۰۱۸ به چاپ می رسد. اینجا درباره آن چند سطری می آورم. توضیحی است که برای ناشر آماده شده


کتابی جدید به زبان انگلیسی درباره اصول فقه شیعی امامی (بحث اخبار و اجماع)

الآن بیش از یک سال و نیم است که با همکاری فاضل محترم آقای امین احتشامی کتابی می نویسیم به زبان انگلیسی در حدود بیش از ۳۰۰ صفحه درباره خبر واحد و اجماع و جایگاه احادیث و مسئله ظن در فقه متقدم شیعی که امیدمان این است به لطف الهی سال ۲۰۱۸ نیمه های آن منتشر شود.

Hassan Ansari & Amin Ehteshami, Seeking Certitude: Scriptural Authority in Early Shiʿi Jurisprudence.


In this monograph, Hassan Ansari and Amin Ehteshami provide a synoptic examination of epistemological discussions concerning the authority of scriptural sources (akhbār) in Shiʿi jurisprudence during the third to sixth centuries AH. Seeking Certitude: Scriptural Authority in Early Shiʿi Jurisprudence provides the first book-length study of this under-examined topic of the Shiʿi intellectual tradition. Through close readings of primary texts, the authors trace and evaluate the views of the period’s most prominent thinkers such as Ibn Qiba, al-Kulaynī, Ibn Junayd, Ibn Bābawayh, al-Mufīd, al-Murtaḍā, al-Ṭūsī, Ibn Zuhra, and Ibn Idrīs. The subjects discussed include the developments of Shiʿi legal theory during the third/ninth to sixth/twelfth centuries; various ways of conceptualising what constitutes a ‘scriptural’ source; justifications offered for including the reports attributed to the Prophet and the Imams as the second most authoritative source of law after the Qurʾan; frameworks elaborated for evaluating the authenticity of scriptural sources; epistemological discussions regarding the reliability of historical reports in general and scriptural reports in particular; solutions proposed for resolving disagreeing and contradictory reports; and the legitimacy of using a scriptural report of uncertain origins as evidence for determining a legal ruling as binding. This book will be of interest to students and scholars in Islamic law and legal theory, theology, scriptural hermeneutics, medieval intellectual history, and Islamic studies.

ترجمه خلاصه ای از مقاله من درباره عدم اصالت کتاب اثبات الرجعه منسوب به فضل بن شاذان. آن را به اشاره ای در فیسبوک یافتم .
ITHBAT AL-RAJ’A OF FADHL BIN SHADHAN
Aal e Imran | May 9, 2016 | Tarajim & Rijal | No Comments
This is a translated summary of an article written by Hasan Ansari, called Huviyyat-e Waqa’iee-ye Kitab-e Ithbat al-Raj’a Mansub beh Fadhl bin Shadhan (Actual state of the book Ithbat al-Raj’a, as attributed to Fadhl bin Shadhan). The purpose is to merely provide another perspective on the book, and not necessarily for the readers/researchers to reach conclusions.
Narrations from a book by the name of Ithbat al-Raj’a, attributed to Fadhl bin Shadhan are found in the Mir Lawhi’s work Kifayah al-Muhtadhi fi Ma’rifah al-Mahdi (کفاية المهتدي في معرفة المهدي), a book written during the time of the Safavids. Furthermore, Hurr al-Amili seems to have taken some of these narrations from the works of Lawhi and called it Muntakhab Ithbat al-Raj’ah (منتخب اثبات الرجعة) published in the 15th issue of the magazine Turathuna. It has also been translated into English as The Return of al‐Mahdi by Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi.

This work is not mentioned in any other earlier works at all, and its narrations – minus a few – can’t be found in other books written by Fadhl bin Shadhan. So we do not know how this text ended up receiving the name Ithbat al-Raj’a. Even if one says that the name of Fadhl bin Shadhan exists in the manuscript itself, it does not suffice as proof, because the manuscript’s authenticity itself is not proven.

The actual book of Fadhl bin Shadhan by the name of Ithbat al-Raj’a was not a book of narrations, rather it was a theological work. Even if we assume the far-fetched view that this current book is his, then it wouldn’t have been called Ithbat al-Raj’a, rather Kitab al-Raj’a. Furthermore, most of the narrations (which we have at our disposal due to Mir Lawhi and Hurr al-‘Amili) have nothing to do with Raj’a as a concept. Perhaps it would have been better to call the book al-Ghaybah as that is what the narrations pertain to.

Besides the discussion on why it being named Ithbat al-Raj’a is flawed, the actual attribution to Ibn Shadhan is also incorrect. When one looks at the chains of narrations, we see that there are individuals in chains who came after Ibn Shadhan, or they were contemporaries, but younger than Ibn Shadhan. Two individuals that Ibn Shadhan quotes from in this book are Sahl ibn Ziyad and Muhammad bin Abi al-Sihban – both were younger contemporaries of him and we do not find Ibn Shadhan reporting from them in any other work at all. Furthermore, there are certain matters recorded in the book that refer to events that took place after the life of Imam Hasan al-‘Askari (s). Nevertheless, the name of Ibn Shadhan does exist on the manuscript (placed by someone) – a manuscript which was found by Wijada anyways.

Because we do not know how the original book was organized (since we only have a few narrations from it), we cannot comment much on what it was originally. Perhaps it was a book of narrations, which included both authentic and fabricated traditions, or with fabricated chains. It is possible that if it was fabricated, it may have been done by someone who lived much earlier.

All in all, only a handful of narrations that exist in the book, can be found in other earlier hadith books as well such as al-Ghaybah of Tusi. Some narrations can also be found in the works of Shaykh Saduq, but it seems that the main work relied on for the contents was Kifayah al-Athar of Khazaz al-Qummi – a post-Ghaybah work. There are also some traditions whose text is not in-line with vocabulary that is seen in the general hadith corpus.

For example, a tradition whose text is similar to the Ahd of Ardashir:

Theories of Testimonial Knowledge in Islamic Theology

By Hassan Ansari and Amin Ehteshami

This monograph investigates theories of testimonial knowledge as articulated in the writings of al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā (965–1044). Among the topics discussed are the definitions provided for testimonial report (khabar) and knowledge (ʿilm); the epistemic status of transmitted reports in general and scriptural reports in particular; the criteria developed for ascertaining the veracity of eyewitness testimony; the division of reports into corroborated (mutawātir) and uncorroborated (āḥād); the authority of uncorroborated reports in forming legal precepts; and the status of historical reports in establishing the authenticity of Prophet Muḥammad’s claim to prophecy and his performance of miracles. The authors trace these epistemological issues through al-Murtaḍā’s theological and jurisprudential writings and examine his engagement with a variety of prominent Muʿtazilī thinkers including al-Balkhī (d. 931), al-Jubbāʾī (d. 933), Ibn Khallād (fl. tenth century), and ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. 1025). A close reading of relevant sections from Ibn Khallād’s theological handbook al-Uṣūl, along with the commentaries and revisions of ʿAbd al-Jabbār and al-Hārūnī (d. 1033), clarifies the contours and intricacies of the Muʿtazilī milieu within and against which al-Murtaḍā wrote. In addition, in order to situate the Muʿtazilī and Shīʿī discussions in a broader intellectual context, the authors briefly explore the contrasting views advocated by two of al-Murtaḍā’s contemporaries: (1) al-Bāqillānī (d. 1013), a renowned Ashʿarī thinker whose position concerning testimonial knowledge differs from al-Murtaḍā in some consequential respects; and (۲) Ibn al-Samḥ (d. ۱۰۲۷), a Baghdadi Christian philosopher whose epistemology of testimonial reports diverges from the Muʿtazilī, Ashʿarī, and Shīʿī theological frameworks. Theories of Testimonial Knowledge in Islamic Theology brings to surface the epistemological discussions informing the approaches of Muslim theologians and legal theorists to eyewitness testimony as a source of religious knowledge.

Seeking Certitude: Scriptural Authority in Early Shiʿi Jurisprudence

In this monograph, Hassan Ansari and Amin Ehteshami provide a synoptic examination of epistemological discussions concerning the authority of scriptural sources (akhbār) in Shiʿi jurisprudence during the third to sixth centuries AH. Seeking Certitude: Scriptural Authority in Early Shiʿi Jurisprudence provides the first book-length study of this under-examined topic of the Shiʿi intellectual tradition. Through close readings of primary texts, the authors trace and evaluate the views of the period’s most prominent thinkers such as al-Kulaynī, Ibn Junayd al-Iskāfī, Ibn Bābawayh, al-Mufīd, al-Ṭūsī, Ibn Zuhra al-Ḥalabī, and Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī. The subjects discussed include the developments of Shiʿi legal theory during the third/ninth to sixth/twelfth centuries; various ways of conceptualising what constitutes a ‘scriptural’ source; justifications offered for including the reports attributed to the Prophet and the Imams as the second most authoritative source of law after the Qurʾan; frameworks elaborated for evaluating the authenticity of scriptural sources; epistemological discussions regarding the reliability of historical reports in general and scriptural reports in particular; solutions proposed for resolving disagreeing and contradictory reports; and the legitimacy of using a scriptural report of uncertain origins as evidence for determining a legal ruling as binding. This book will be of interest to students and scholars in Islamic law and legal theory, theology, scriptural hermeneutics, medieval intellectual history, and Islamic studies.

اندر خبر و دروغ و شایعه

این روزها تقریبا همه می دانیم سهم خبر سازی و دروغ و شایعه چقدر در امر سیاست و پیش بردن سیاست ها مهم است. هر روز صبح که از خواب بیدار می شویم و سری به اینترنت می زنیم با انبوهی خبر دروغ در عرصه داخلی و جهانی روبروییم که به درستی نمی دانیم چطور می توان صحت و کذب آنها را بررسید. هر تلویزیون و یا رسانه ای مجازی را که باز می کنیم می بینیم تعدادی آدم را نشانده اند به عنوان کارشناس که درباره همه چیز اظهار نظر می کنند و متأسفانه در بسیاری موارد اخبار دروغ توسط همین کارشناسان هم دست به دست می شود و تحلیل می گردد اما باز نمی دانید به کدام یک از این خبرها و تحلیل های مبتنی بر آن خبرها باید اعتماد کرد. اصلا نمی توان فهمید کدام یک از این کارشناسان واقعا کارشناسند و استاد دانشگاه و متخصص فلان و یا بهمان مؤسسه علمی و یا اینکه تنها کارشناسانی اند خودخوانده که با اهدافی سیاسی و یا کاسبکارانه خود را متخصص و کارشناس جا زده اند. آدمی را معرفی می کنند به عنوان استاد دانشگاه فلان در انگلستان و بعد وقتی می روید به سایت آن دانشگاه سر می زنید می بینید از اسم شریف این آدم در آن دانشگاه و سایتش خبری نیست.

متکلمان قدیم مسلمان درباره خبر و شایعه و نقل ناقص حقیقت و میزان صدق یک خبر و ملاکات آن و مبانی اپیستمولوژیک آن بحث ها کرده اند. این مطالب را در این کتاب بخوانید

Theories of Testimonial Knowledge in Islamic Theology

By Hassan Ansari and Amin Ehteshami

This monograph investigates theories of testimonial knowledge as articulated in the writings of al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā (965–1044). Among the topics discussed are the definitions provided for testimonial report (khabar) and knowledge (ʿilm); the epistemic status of transmitted reports in general and scriptural reports in particular; the criteria developed for ascertaining the veracity of eyewitness testimony; the division of reports into corroborated (mutawātir) and uncorroborated (āḥād); the authority of uncorroborated reports in forming legal precepts; and the status of historical reports in establishing the authenticity of Prophet Muḥammad’s claim to prophecy and his performance of miracles. The authors trace these epistemological issues through al-Murtaḍā’s theological and jurisprudential writings and examine his engagement with a variety of prominent Muʿtazilī thinkers including al-Balkhī (d. 931), al-Jubbāʾī (d. 933), Ibn Khallād (fl. tenth century), and ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. 1025). A close reading of relevant sections from Ibn Khallād’s theological handbook al-Uṣūl, along with the commentaries and revisions of ʿAbd al-Jabbār and al-Hārūnī (d. 1033), clarifies the contours and intricacies of the Muʿtazilī milieu within and against which al-Murtaḍā wrote. In addition, in order to situate the Muʿtazilī and Shīʿī discussions in a broader intellectual context, the authors briefly explore the contrasting views advocated by two of al-Murtaḍā’s contemporaries: (1) al-Bāqillānī (d. 1013), a renowned Ashʿarī thinker whose position concerning testimonial knowledge differs from al-Murtaḍā in some consequential respects; and (۲) Ibn al-Samḥ (d. ۱۰۲۷), a Baghdadi Christian philosopher whose epistemology of testimonial reports diverges from the Muʿtazilī, Ashʿarī, and Shīʿī theological frameworks. Theories of Testimonial Knowledge in Islamic Theology brings to surface the epistemological discussions informing the approaches of Muslim theologians and legal theorists to eyewitness testimony as a source of religious knowledge.

Was There a Zaydī usūl al-fıqh? Searching for the Essence of Zaydī Legal Theory in the School’s First Complete Usūl Work: al-Natiq bi-l-Haqq’s (340-424/951-1033) “al-Mujzī fī usūl al-fıqh”

Author/s: Ahmet Temel

DOI: dx.doi.org/10.12658/human.society.6.11.M0142

Year: 2016 Vol: 6 Number: 1

Abstract

This paper examines a recently discovered and published text, al-Mujzī fī uşūl al-fiqh, which the Zaydīs have commonly labeled as their school’s first written work on uşūl al-fiqh. Written by al-Natiq bi-l-Haqq, who reportedly had close relationships with Mu‘tazīlī scholars, this book is important for tracing the essence of Zaydī legal theory and interrelation between the Zaydiyya and Mu‘tazila in the field of uşūl al-fiqh. I argue that this work represents and draws upon Mu‘tazīlī, as opposed to Zaydī, legal theory. A certain part of this text was published earlier with attribution to Abū al-Husayn al-Başrī as a section of his work Sharh al-‘umad. This attribution is also discussed within the paper. The paper consists of three main sec- tions: a brief biography of al-Natiq bi-l-Haqq and a list of his works, the attribution of the text and an outline of the structure and method in al-Mujzī, and an attempt to determine the text’s identity by examining the authoritative voices in it and its influence later Zaydī literature and by comparing certain cases to those existing in a Mu‘tazilī uşūl text (al-Mu‘tamad) and a Zaydī uşūl text (Safwat al-ikhtiyar).

Call for Papers: Shiʿi Piety: Theory and Materiality from Premodern to Postmodern, November 16, 2018

Hosted by the Leiden University Shiʿi Studies Initiative (LUSSI)

This one-day workshop brings together graduate students and early career scholars working on topics related to Shiʿism in all periods and from any disciplinary perspective. The workshop is open to work on Zaydi, Twelver, Ismaili and other forms of Shiʿism. The aim is thereby to allow for the discussion both of micro-historical and ethnographic specificities as well as long durée patterns and developments.

The workshop will address the concept of piety in its material expression, its literary representation and its theoretical articulation.

Central topics include:

• Belief and its implications in philosophy, theology, and law
• Rites and rituals in spaces and texts
• Spatial, material, and literary manifestations of piety
• Networks
• Impiety
• The daily lives of pious beings

We particularly welcome scholars working on the intersection between the material expression of piety, and the intellectual or theoretical articulation of what it means to be Shiʿi. Contributions will be expected to be clear in how they define and understand piety, whether a theological conception or as lived tradition.

For consideration, please send a 300-word abstract to lussi@hum.leidenuniv.nl by July 15th.

The language of the workshop will be English. Travel subsidies will be available for participants.

About the Leiden University Shiʿi Studies Initiative:
Islamic studies is a flourishing field, but the study of Shiʿi Islam in all its forms still remains underpopulated. The primary objective of LUSSI is to connect scholars and address lacunae in the field by promoting the study of Shiʿism in all its expressions and disciplinary approaches.

⚡THE COLLECTED WRITINGS OF AL-ʿALLĀMA AL-ḤILLĪ ⚡

We are delighted to announce the launch of a new series celebrating the key contributions of the fourteenth-century Shia scholar, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf ibn Muṭahhar al-Ḥillī (d. 726/1325), better known as al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī.

This multivolume series will comprise a series of English translations of some of al-Ḥillī's most important works in a variety of Islamic disiplines such as kalam, philosophy, logic, polemics and law. Each work will be translated by a specialist scholar and will consist of a translation, scholarly introduction, annotated commentary, and glossaries of key terms and concepts.

Our first volume will be launched toward the end of April 2021.

An announcement on the first volume of the series will be made soon. Keep tuned for further updates and announcements by liking our page!

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Imam Sadiq (peace be with him) quoted on the authority of his fathers upon the authority of Imam Ali (peace be with him) that God's last Prophet said:

“One of the signs of certitude is that you do not displease God to please the people, and do not admire the people for the daily food that God has granted you through them, and that you do not blame the people for God depriving you of your daily bread.

No one's greed will bring him an increase in his daily sustenance, and no one's jealousy will stop one's daily bread.

If one tries to escape from his daily bread as he escapes from death, one's food seeks its owner faster than death does.

In fact, God the Almighty has established comfort and peace of mind in certitude and contentment, and has established sorrow and discomfort in anger and doubt.”

📚 Mishkat-ul Anwar Fi Ghurar-il Akhbar (The Lamp Niche for the Best Traditions)

@AbodeofWisdom

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🔲 Muhammad ibn Yaqūb (al‑Kulayni) reports with his isnad from 'Abd Allah ibn Sulayman that he said: 🔲

🌺 🌺“I asked Abu Abd Allah, may peace be with him, concerning the statement of God, the Exalted, 'And recite the Quran with tartil'. 

🌺 🌺 He replied, ‘The Commander of the Faithful, may peace be with him, has said, "(It means) Recite it in a clear and distinct manner

🌺 🌺 neither with impetus like poetry is recited, nor in a slow‑moving manner so that the words are scattered like sand.

🌺 🌺 Read in such a manner as to arouse and startle your callous hearts, and your aim should not be to get to the end of the surah."

📚 1. Al‑Qur'an, 73:4.103. 
📚 2. Usul al-Kafi, vol. ii, p. 614, "kitab fadl al‑Qur'an," "bab tartil al‑Qur'an bi al­-sawt al‑hasan," hadith 1.

💠💠💠@AbodeofWisdom 💠💠💠
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🔲 Muhammad ibn Yaqūb (al‑Kulayni) reports with his isnad from 'Abd Allah ibn Sulayman that he said: 🔲

🌺 🌺“I asked Abu Abd Allah, may peace be with him, concerning the statement of God, the Exalted, 'And recite the Quran with tartil'. 

🌺 🌺 He replied, ‘The Commander of the Faithful, may peace be with him, has said, "(It means) Recite it in a clear and distinct manner

🌺 🌺 neither with impetus like poetry is recited, nor in a slow‑moving manner so that the words are scattered like sand.

🌺 🌺 Read in such a manner as to arouse and startle your callous hearts, and your aim should not be to get to the end of the surah."

📚 1. Al‑Qur'an, 73:4.103. 
📚 2. Usul al-Kafi, vol. ii, p. 614, "kitab fadl al‑Qur'an," "bab tartil al‑Qur'an bi al­-sawt al‑hasan," hadith 1.

💠💠💠@AbodeofWisdom 💠💠💠
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✅ Typology

 Typology is the study of types. Typology may refer to:

Typology (anthropology), division of culture by races

Typology (archaeology), classification of artefacts according to their characteristics

Typology (linguistics), study and classification of languages according to their structural features

Morphological typology, a method of classifying languages

Typology (psychology), a model of personality types

Psychological typologies, classifications used by psychologists to describe the distinctions between people

Typology (statistics), a concept in statistics, research design and social sciences

Typology (theology), in Christian theology, the interpretation of some figures and events in the Old Testament as foreshadowing the New Testament

Typology (urban planning and architecture), the classification of characteristics common to buildings or urban spaces

Building typology, relating to buildings and architecture

Farm typology, farm classification by the USDA

Sociopolitical typology, four types, or levels, of a political organization

✍ ویکی